ES6 - Math

ES6+ - The Math Object

The built-in Math object in JavaScript provides properties and methods for mathematical constants and functions. Math is not a constructor; all its properties and methods are static. You call them directly on the Math object itself (e.g., Math.PI, Math.sqrt(x)).

Math Properties (Constants)

These are common mathematical constants:

Property	Description
`Math.E`	Euler’s constant, the base of natural logarithms (approx. 2.718).
`Math.LN2`	Natural logarithm of 2 (approx. 0.693).
`Math.LN10`	Natural logarithm of 10 (approx. 2.302).
`Math.LOG2E`	Base-2 logarithm of E (approx. 1.442).
`Math.LOG10E`	Base-10 logarithm of E (approx. 0.434).
`Math.PI`	Ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter (approx. 3.14159).
`Math.SQRT1_2`	Square root of 1/2 (approx. 0.707).
`Math.SQRT2`	Square root of 2 (approx. 1.414).

Power and Root Functions

Functions for exponentiation and roots:

Function	Description
`Math.pow(x, y)`	Returns `x` raised to the power `y`.
`Math.sqrt(x)`	Returns the positive square root of `x`.
`Math.cbrt(x)` (ES6)	Returns the cube root of `x`.
`Math.exp(x)`	Returns `e^x`, where `e` is Euler’s constant (`Math.E`).
`Math.expm1(x)` (ES6)	Returns `e^x - 1`. More accurate than `Math.exp(x) - 1` for small `x`.
`Math.hypot(...values)` (ES6)	Returns the square root of the sum of squares of its arguments (e.g., `Math.hypot(3, 4)` returns 5).

Logarithmic Functions

Functions for calculating logarithms. In JavaScript, Math.log() refers to the natural logarithm.

Function	Description
`Math.log(x)`	Returns the natural logarithm (base `e`) of `x`.
`Math.log10(x)` (ES6)	Returns the base-10 logarithm of `x`.
`Math.log2(x)` (ES6)	Returns the base-2 logarithm of `x`.
`Math.log1p(x)` (ES6)	Returns the natural logarithm of `1 + x`. More accurate than `Math.log(1 + x)` for small `x`.

Rounding and Sign Functions

Functions for rounding numbers and determining their sign:

Function	Description
`Math.abs(x)`	Returns the absolute (non-negative) value of `x`.
`Math.sign(x)` (ES6)	Returns the sign of `x`: -1 for negative, +1 for positive, 0 for 0, -0 for -0, NaN for NaN.
`Math.ceil(x)`	Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to `x` (rounds up).
`Math.floor(x)`	Returns the largest integer less than or equal to `x` (rounds down).
`Math.round(x)`	Returns `x` rounded to the nearest integer (0.5 rounds up).
`Math.trunc(x)` (ES6)	Returns the integer part of `x` by removing fractional digits (does not round).
`Math.min(...values)`	Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.
`Math.max(...values)`	Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

Trigonometric Functions

Standard trigonometric functions. All angles are in radians.

Function	Description
`Math.sin(x)`	Sine of `x` (in radians).
`Math.cos(x)`	Cosine of `x` (in radians).
`Math.tan(x)`	Tangent of `x` (in radians).
`Math.asin(x)`	Arcsine (inverse sine) of `x`; result in radians.
`Math.acos(x)`	Arccosine (inverse cosine) of `x`; result in radians.
`Math.atan(x)`	Arctangent (inverse tangent) of `x`; result in radians.
`Math.atan2(y, x)`	Arctangent of the quotient `y/x`; result in radians, considering the signs of `y` and `x` to determine the quadrant.
`Math.sinh(x)` (ES6)	Hyperbolic sine of `x`.
`Math.cosh(x)` (ES6)	Hyperbolic cosine of `x`.
`Math.tanh(x)` (ES6)	Hyperbolic tangent of `x`.
`Math.asinh(x)` (ES6)	Inverse hyperbolic sine of `x`.
`Math.acosh(x)` (ES6)	Inverse hyperbolic cosine of `x`.
`Math.atanh(x)` (ES6)	Inverse hyperbolic tangent of `x`.

`Math.random()`

The Math.random() function returns a floating-point, pseudo-random number in the range 0 (inclusive) up to but not including 1 (exclusive).

Example: Generating Random Numbers

// Random number between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive)
const randomNumber01 = Math.random();
console.log(`Random number [0, 1): ${randomNumber01}`);

// Random integer between min (inclusive) and max (inclusive)
function getRandomInt(min, max) {
  min = Math.ceil(min);
  max = Math.floor(max);
  return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
}

const randomDieRoll = getRandomInt(1, 6);
console.log(`Random die roll (1-6): ${randomDieRoll}`);

const randomLargeInt = getRandomInt(50, 100);
console.log(`Random integer (50-100): ${randomLargeInt}`);

Output (will vary):

Random number [0, 1): 0.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Random die roll (1-6): (a number between 1 and 6)
Random integer (50-100): (a number between 50 and 100)

For cryptographically secure random numbers, Math.random() is not suitable. Use the Crypto.getRandomValues() method from the Web Crypto API instead.